THE RACE MOVEMENTS AND
PREHISTORIC CULTURE IN INDIA
Friends,
It is a difficult task to write about the pre-historic and early historic times in India since there is lack of material evidence. Due to this we can never say with certainty and therefore not possible for anyone to apprise the movements of people of India even before 2000 years ago. Hence it will be hypothetical and based on the present day situations.
Racial Anthropologists , who deals with the physical features which contributed to the beginning of the population in India without considering the linguistic and cultural built up of Indian population have advanced diverse views. but Sir, Herbert Risley put forward his views on behalf of Government of India. Like these eminent scientists, there were many who concluded their view ; but the revelation made by Dr. B.S. Guha Former Director of Anthropological Survey Of India is an authoritative view on this matter. They are :-
(1) The Negirtos (2) The Porto Austroloids (3) The two types of Mongoloids who are (i) Palaeo Mongoloids consisting of (a) long headed and (b) broad headed types and (ii) Tibeto-Mongoloids (4) The Mediterranean consisting of (i) Palaeo-Mediterranean, (ii) Mediterranean and (iii) The oriental type (5) The Western Brachycephals comprising of (i) The Alpinoid (ii) The Dinaric and (iii) The armenoid, and (6) The Nordic.
Although the NEGRITOS are almost extinct, there are few still remaining in (i) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, (ii) In Cochin and Travancore Hills of Kerala State we can see a small group of Kadars and Palayans (iii) Irulars of Wynad who are akin to the Negritos found in the Andamans and Nicobar Islands (iv) Angami Nagas of Assam and Nagaland and (v) hill-tribes of Eastern Bihar. It is said the Proto-Australoids supressed them and aborobed many of them particularly, but other races also took part in this process. As far as Negritos are concerned although we may not be definitive their appearance, it coincide with a common origin for the Negritos and African pygmies, especially in the Andamanese Islanders who have been isolated from incoming waves of Asiatic and Indo-Aryan peoples. No other living human population has experienced such long-lasting isolation from contact with other groups.
It is believed that the PROTO-AUSTRALOIDs came from the west. They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Papuan, Melanesians and Negrito groups.As per this classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and India. Proto-Australoid racial group includes Bhumiz, Gadaba, Juang, Kharia, Koda, Kolha, Mahali, Mirdha, Munda, Santal and Saora tribes. Tribes like Bathudi, Bhatra, Binjhal, Bhuyan, Lodha and Saunti belong to non-Australoid racial stock while Australoid racial stock is represented by Gond, Kondh, Kissan, Oraon, Paraja and Pentia Halva tribes. The Tribes of South India from Kerala, Tamil Nadu including the tribes of Nilgiris, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the mixture of proto-australoids, negritos etc.
Now let us take the Mongoloids. The Mongoloids have features that are common to those of the people of Mongolia, China and Tibet. These tribal groups can be seen in the North- Eastern part of India in states like Assam, Nagaland and Meghalaya as also in Ladakh and Sikkim.They are people of yellow complexion, oblique eyes, high cheekbones, sparse hair and medium height.There are two types of Mongoloids (a) Long Headed and (b) broad headed.
The Mediterraneans can be classified as (i) Palaeo-Mediterraneans (ii) Mediterraneanse and the Oriental type of Mediterraneanse . The PALAEO-MEDI-TERRANEANS can be said as DRAVIDIANS “These are the people who mainly inhabit the regions in South India such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh etc. They have recently been divided into various sub-groups for example the Paleo-Mediterranean, the true Mediterranean, and the Oriental Mediterranean.
It is believed that they are people of the same origins as many of the people of Asia Minor and pre- Hellenic Aegean's of Greece. It is believed that they built the ancient city and civilization of the Indus valley.
The Palaeo-Mediterraneans inhabit the regions in South India such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka , Andhra etc. Mediterranean, and the Oriental Mediterranean. They are dark skinned and their built is “slightly”. Palaeo-Mediterranean group constitutes the bulk of the Scheduled Castes in the North India. This group has a sub-type called Oriental group.

The True Mediterraneans who are taller and fairer than the Palaeo type, settled in PUNJAB and Upper Gangetic Valley are said to be and called as pre-aryan race or even the civilised dravidians of North India. It was North India which was Aryanised in language and contributed much to HINDUISM and culture of North Indian .

Now we shall deal with the Western Brachyceephals. They are The ethnic groups like Alpinoids, Dinarics, Armenoids, Parsis and Kodavas (COORGIES). The people were characterized by features like broad foreheads, brown skin, sharp features, etc. They occupied the western side of the country and can be called the foundation for the present day people in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. PARSIS of Mumbai are lately arrived Armenoids. Unlike the Iranian Zoroastrians they are not long headed.

Now let us take the ARYAN TRIBES called NORDIC. As per Wikipedia “The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages. Latin, Greek, Hittite, Sanskrit, French, German, Latvian, English, Spanish, Russian etc. are all Indo-European languages; Indo-European, or more properly Proto-Indo-European (PIE), is the lost ancestral language from which those languages ultimately derive.” It was Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. By the early 1900s well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today although it is refined now. The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages.
Latin, Greek, Hittite, Sanskrit, French, German, Latvian, English, Spanish, Russian etc. are all Indo-European languages; Indo-European, or more properly Proto-Indo-European (PIE), is the lost ancestral language from which those languages ultimately derive. The "Proto" indicates that the grammar and vocabulary of this long extinct language, probably spoken up until 3000 BC, are a hypothetical reconstruction by modern philologists. Just as Romance languages like Italian and Spanish derive from Latin, so Latin derives from PIE.
Indo-European philology traditionally used "Aryan" both to denote a people, understood racially or ethnically, and the language group itself ("Aryan speech"), irrespective of the race or ethnicity of the people speaking its various branches. In the wake of National Socialist Germany's defeat, the term fell out of general scholarly use in both senses, and "Indo-European" (IE) became the preferred designation of the language group, "Indo-Europeans" of both the people who occupied the original Aryan homeland and their descendants, who gradually spread out across Europe, much of the Indian sub-continent, and parts of the Near East. Racial nationalists are not, of course, obliged to adopt the timid PC-lexicon of contemporary scholarship, but we should be aware of imprecision of "Aryan" as a racial or ethnic classification.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION : We learn from the sculls and human skeletons from the ruins of Indus Valley. These prove the heterogeneous existence comprising of the different types of tribes like the four Proto-Astraloids, Mediterraneans Alpinoids and Mongoloids. However this evidence has no accuracy or scientific precision.
We do not have any material evidence too as regards the Panis, Vraathyas,Vasheekaas, Asuras and Nagas.
RIGVEDIC TIME (ARYAN RACE)
Political Life
The Early Vedic period is known from the Rig Veda.This was composed between 1700 and 1100 BC. This period can also be called as early IRON AGE. During this period, the kingdom was tribal in character. Each tribe formed a separate kingdom. The basic unit of the political organization was family (kula). A number of families formed a Village (Grama). Its head was the Gramani. A group of villages constituted a large unit called clan (vis) Several clans formed the tribe (Jana) Theft leader was Rajan, the Vedic king. He protected his people from enemies He was assisted by the purohita or priest, the senani of commandant, the Sabha and the Samithi in administration.
Social Life
Family was the basis of the society. The Aryan society was patriarchal in nature. Father was the head of the family. He was called Grahapathi. Vedas lay great stress on the sanctity of marriage and family life.
Position of Women
Women enjoyed a respectable position in the early Vedic society. They had freedom to choose husbands. The wife was the mistress of the house. They participated in public meetings. There were women scholars like Lopamudra, Visvavara, Ghosha, Sikata, Nivavari and Apala. They were treated equally. But their position changed in the Later Vedic period.
Economic Life
Hunting was a major activity. Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, asses and dogs were reared. When they settled down in particular places, agriculture became their main occupation. People developed the arts of weaving, training, carpentry and metal work. Trade developed through the exchange of goods or the barter system. External trade with Western Asia and Egypt was carried on. The coins were called nishka. They were used for trade purposes. Cosmetics, sandalwood and ivory were the export items. Horses and dates were imported.
Food and Entertainments
The food of the people consisted of barley cakes, milk, ghee, fruits, vegetables and meat. Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed. Chariot racing, hunting, horse racing, dicing, music and dance were the favorite pastimes. Boxing was also known to them. They knew playing veena.
Dress and Ornaments
Men wore a garment like Dhoti. The upper garment was like a shawl. They wore turbans and grew beards. Women wore vasas (under garments), nivi (dress worn at the waist) and Athivasas (the upper cover). Dresses were made up of cotton and wool. Both men and women wore different kinds of ornaments. Ear rings, necklaces, bangles and hair bands were used. Chappals made of leather were also used.

RELIGION
During the early Vedic period religion was not the form of nature worship. Fire, sun, wind, sky and trees were worshipped. Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas were the most common rituals. Since Gods had no definite shape, there were no statues and even temples.
YAJUR VEDA :
The Yajur Veda Samhita contains MANTHRAS REQUIRED to perform the sacrifices of HINDU RELIGION AS PERCEIVED BY THE ARYANS , with BRAHMANAS AND SRAUTHA SOOTHRAS. This was composed between 1500 BC and 1000 B.C. . There are two primary versions of Yajurveda called as SHUKLA YAJURVEDA and KRISHNA YAJUR VEDA. While the Shukla Yajurveda has separately a Brahmana text, the Shatapatha Brahmana. Shula Yajurveda also contains Vajasaneyi Samhita. The name Vajasaneyi is derived from Vajasaneya, patronymic of sage Yajnavalkya, an authority and according to tradition, founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. The Vajasaneyi Samhita has forty chapters or adhyayas, containing the formulas used with the following rituals:-
(a) Agnihotra (b) Soma Yajna (c) Vajapeya (d) Rajasuya ( both c and d are Soma Sacrifices. (e) Agnichyana (f) Sautramani – to counter the effects of excesseive drinking (SOIMA) (g) Ashwamedha (h) formulae to suppliment various rituals (i) Purusha Medha (j) Sarvamedha (k) Pitri Yajna (l) Pravargya (m) Isha Upanishad (n) Sacrifices during New moon and Full Moon ( Amavasya and Paurnami)
KRISHNA YAJURVEDA :
Krishna Yajurveda consists of Taittirīya saṃhitā (TS) originally of Panchala
Maitrayani saṃhitā (MS) originally of the area south of Kurukshetra
Caraka-Kaṭha saṃhitā (KS) originally of Madra and Kurukshetra
Kapiṣṭhala-Kaṭha saṃhitā (KapS) of the southern Punjab and Bahika
Each of the recensions has or had a Brahmana associated with it, and most of them also have associated Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras, Aranyakas, Upanishads and Pratishakhyas.
THE TATTTIRIYA SAMHITA
The best known and best preserved of these recensions is the Taittirīya saṃhitā, named after Tittiri, a pupil of Yaska and an authority according to Panini., Tittiri in Sanskrit means partridge, and according to a legend, Yajnavalkya had quickly grasped a portion of the Yajurveda, but due to his arrogance, he was asked to eject out the portion by his teacher, who was incensed by his attitude. By his learned knowledge, he was able to reach out what he had studied. This regurgitated portion was swallowed by a covey of partridges and known as the TS.
The Taittirīya saṃhitā consists 7 books or kandas, subdivided in chapters or prapathakas, further subdivided into individual sections (anuvakas). Some individual hymns in this Samhita have gained particular importance in Hinduism; e.g. TS 4.5 and TS 4.7 constitute the Rudram Chamakam, while 1.8.6.i is the Shaivaite Tryambakam mantra. The beejas bhūr bhuvaḥ suvaḥ prefixed to the (rigvedic) Savitur Gayatri mantra are also from the Yajurveda. The Taittiriya recension of the Black Yajurveda is the shakha now most prevalent in southern India. Among the followers of this Shakha, the Apastamba Sutras are the common. The Taittiriya Shakha consists of Taittiriya Samhita (having seven kandas), Taittiriya Brahmana (having three kandas), Taittiriya Aranyaka (having seven prashnas) (See Aranyaka Literature), Taittiriya Upanishad (having three prashnas or vallis – Shiksha valli, Ananda valli and Bhrigu valli) and the Mahanarayana Upanishad. The Taittiriya Upanishad and Mahanarayana Upanishad are considered to be the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth prashnas of the Aranyaka. The words prapathaka and kanda (meaning sections) are interchangeably used in Vedic literature. Prashna and valli refer to sections of the Aranyaka. You may ask me who is PANINI the answer is : Pāṇini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.
SAAMA VEDA
In the Order of Vedas SAMA VEDA is the third one. SAMA VEDA is as called “SAMAN” is purely a liturgical collection of melodies The hymns in the Sama Veda, used as musical notes, were almost completely drawn from the Rig Veda. As Vedic Scholar David Frawley puts it, if the Rig Veda is the word, Sama Veda is
the song or the meaning, if Rig Veda is the knowledge, Sama Veda is its realization, if Rig Veda is the wife, the Sama Veda is her husband.
ATHARVA VEDA : The Word ATHARVA means that which does not waver, and which is unchanging “THARVA GATI KARMA NA THARVA ETI ATHARVA |” Dravidian culture. In fact the “ likelihood of Dravidian origin (Mediterraneans) “ll YOGASH CHITTA VRITTI NIRODHAHA ll” which means controlling the different impulses of the mind and senses in yoga. The Gita re-iterates that when the mind is free from impulses and flaws, the mind becomes stable and the person becomes neutral when the impulses of the mind and the other senses are in control, then only the mind is freed from instability and purterbances. The word "Atharva" therefore refers to neutrality of personality. The Atharvaveda speaks more about Yoga, the human physiology, different ailments, social structure, spirituality, appreciation of natural beauty, national religion etc. This knowledge is practical and is worth bringing in use.
Atharva Veda is written partly in prose and partly in poetic forms. From Atharva veda we learn about Yoga, the human physiology, different ailments, social structure, spirituality, appreciation of natural beauty, national religion etc. A number of facts related to AYURVEDA are seen here, that is why Ayurveda is considered to be the Upaveda (Sub-Veda) of this Veda. Even Black Magic (मन्त्रवाद), तन्तर etc can be learnt from ATHARVA VEDA.
Friends, I cannot go much deep into philosophic part of ATHARVA VEDA since I do not know much about it.
Friends , Poojas with flower, leaves and Water were not known or alien to the first batch of Aryans who came and settled in India . In fact, Prof. Mark Collins, an authority on this subject , is of the opinion POOJA was deduced later from “PU” and “chey”( பூ + செய்) which is purely of Dravidian origin which was adopted by later Aryans. In fact the word PUJA is fusion of DRAVIDIAN AND ARYAN CULTURE. As per Vedic rights , while performing HOMA , wood fire is lighted in the Alter, and certain offerings of food like meat , fat, butter milk and SOMA (IIQUOR) ore offered to the god(s), who are not at all symbolised by an IMAGE, but are supposed to dwell the sky and to receive these offerings through the fire.” Among Hindus, the Brahmins star with HOMA shows the tradition of ARYANS.
However, we find a passage in the BHAGAVATH GITHA “ “ll पत्रं पुष्पम् फलम् तोयम् यो मे भक्त्या प्रयच्छति l तदहं भक्त्युपहृतमश्नामि प्रयतात्मानःll” - (BG. Chapt. 9 Verse 26). The meaning is “if any one offers me with devotion, a leaf, a flower, a fruit and water , I receive that, offered in devotion by the person whose soul is discilined”.
It appears to me that this was a later period of Aryans who adopted the origin of this noteworthy ritual of a finished Hindu religion is given in the Bhagavad Geetha only in 800 BC i.e round about the age of Christ.
Further The ARYANS believed in GODS like INDRA, SOMA, SOORYA, AGNI, VARUNA, USHAS, POOSHAN PARJANYA etc.( POOSHAN is vedic Solar deity ): पूषण् ( Sanskrit ) and Parjanya means Rain or rain clouds in Vedic Sanskrit.
It appears to me that Lord Siva and Goddess Uma are of Dravidian in origin. Why I say this, is because SIVAN is a Tamil Word which is a POLLUTION of the word “ சிவன் ” meaning “சிவந்தவன்” red in colour. This name is known as NEELA LHITHA meaning the one with blue throat. This aspect can be seen in the PURANAS and RIG VEDA (X.136, vii). as having consumed the world poison and having preserved it in his throat. Again the word SHAMBHU ( शंभू,சம்பூ) is a Tamil Word which came from the word “செம்பு” meaning copper which is a red metal. This Dravidian God was first taken by Aryans who called Him Rudra (रुद्र) and identified as the already existing Aryan STORM GOD, who is the father of MARUT (मरुत) - Maruts, storm deities and sons of Rudra and Diti and attendants of Indra.-one of our HINDU GODS. Aryans meant a different . They called Lod SHIVA as REUDRA from the root RUD. (Rudra (“Devanagari: रुद्र) is a Rigvedic God, associated with wind or storm, and the hunt.” From WIKIPEDIA. The NAME UMA has a meaning as per ARYANS as MAA the Great Mother. I quote from the web “Parvati is an ancient mountain goddess, assocated with the Himalayas. She is similar to, but not identical with, the mountain goddess Uma. In terms of her personality and relationship to the god Siva, she also shares some aspects with the fathful-wife goddess Sati. She is the mother of Siva's children “She is also known as DURGHA, From the Web I got the following information :-
“The 'Mother Goddess' cult belonged exclusively to Crete where it was known as Durgha (compare Trqqas mentioned in Lycian inscriptions in Asia Minor) as Uma or Parvati. (Sastri p61) They probably brought along with them to India this Mediterranean or Aegean Saivaism, Mother Goddess with her consort Siva. The blood, beliefs and culture of the proto-Australoid and proto-Dravidian were incorporated into the general Dravidian stock. The Nagas, Yakkas, Rakshas were sub-Dravidian races with a greater amount of Australoid taint.”
THE PHALLIC SYMBOL OF LORD SIVA CALLED LINGA : Shiva Linga is a wide spread Indian Phallic figure. It consists of a feminine base ‘Yoni’ or ‘vagina’ and a rising masculine portion ‘the Phallus’ or ‘penis.’ The Linga artifacts, dating from the first century BC to the third century AD, are shaped like realistic ‘Phalli’. Thereafter the shape becomes progressively more abstract. By medieval times, its observable portion, rising from the Yoni, forms a round block with domed apex This symbol appears to be PROTO-AUSTROLOID ORIGIN. An American Professor by name Wemdy Dongier in History, says “ For Hindus, the phallus in the background, the archetype (if I may use the word in its Eliadean, indeed Bastianian, and non-Jungian sense) of which their own penises are manifestations, is the phallus (called the lingam) of the god Siva, who inherits much of the mythology of Indra (O'Flaherty, 1973). The lingam appeared,separate from the body of Siva, on several occasions. On each of these occasions, Sivas wrath was appeased when gods and humans promised to worship his lingam forever after, which, in India they still do. Hindus, for instance, will argue that the lingam has nothing whatsoever to do with the male sexual organ, an assertion blatantly contradicted by the material.”
According to SWAMY SHIVANANDA “the view that the Shiva Lingam represents the phallus is a mistake; The same sentiments have also been expressed by H. H. Wilson in 1840. The writer Christopher Isherwood also addresses the interpretation of the linga as a sex symbol. Isherwood writes "It has been claimed by some foreign scholars that the linga and its surrounding basin are sexual symbols, representing the male and female respectively. Well, anything can be regarded as the symbol of anything-that much is obvious. There are people who have chosen to see sexual symbolism in the spire and font of a Christian church. But Christians do not recognize this symbolism and even the most hostile critics of Christianity cannot pretend that it is a sex cult. The same is true of the cult of Shiva." Lord Shiva is also known as VIROOPAAKSHA or a”TERRIBLE ONE “ , PASUPATHI or Lord of Animals , Urdwa Linga :The one with the errect creative force etc.
“…….. in fact, is a rich source of Indian thinking about sexuality, social relations, ritual, cosmic process, and metaphysics. The Male-Female union in the form of “Phallus or Shiva Linga or Yoni-Linga” or “the Ardhanarishwara” may be visualized as a parallel to the Chinese philosophy of “Yin-Yang” or ‘the Male-Female.” Metaphysically, it also is the most scientific philosophy that explains fundamentals of existence through ‘positive and negative’ or ‘male and female’ aspects of matter and life. Moksha is only after Kama, of the four principles of life-Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. Kama is a sacred duty of men and women.
Unfortunately, some of us are ashamed of it because of Christian and Islamic influences. It was unacceptable, shameful and sinful to the Christians. They denounced it without understanding the culture, wrote demeaning articles, made laws and were able to influence the population to some extent. Their purpose was to teach us (the cultures which consider sex as sacred) the true path to God, the Christianity that considers sex as sin and purification of which is attained only by the blood of Jesus, the savior. Victorian Christians had the same kind of shock when they colonized Polynesian islands, for those islanders were sexually explicit in their lifestyle. The shocked Christian missionaries vowed and succeeded to eradicate the satanic culture by converting them to Christianity!” However the PHALLIC representation was in vogue during prehistoric times in almost all places of world.
Now let us see the Meaning of the Sanskrit word “ लिङ्गं” “is A mark, sign, token, an emblem, a badge, symbol, distinguishing mark, characteristic” ; and as per Vedantha “the subtle frame or body, the indestructible original of the gross or visible body.
Friends, Since I am not dealing about Lord Shiva and only about “Race movements in India”. when I say what is a PHALLUS I request all of you not to take it as against worship of Shiva. “The lingam is often represented with the Yoni, a symbol of the goddess or of Shakti, female creative energy. The union of lingam and yoni represents the indivisible two-in-oneness of male and female, the passive space and active time from which all life originates”. “A phallus is an erect penis, a penis-shaped object such as a dildo, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. Any object that symbolically resembles a penis may also be referred to as a phallus; however, such objects are more often referred to as being phallic (as in "phallic symbol"). Such symbols often represent the fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ, as well as the male orgasm.” “In traditional Greek mythology, Hermes, god of boundaries and exchange (popularly the messenger god) is considered to be a phallic deity by association with representations of him on herms (pillars) featuring a phallus. There is no scholarly consensus on this depiction and it would be speculation to consider Hermes a type of fertility god. Pan, son of Hermes, was often depicted as having an exaggerated erect phallus.
Priapus is a Greek god of fertility whose symbol was an exaggerated phallus. The son of Aphrodite and either Dionysus or Adonis, according to different forms of the original myth, he is the protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens, and male genitalia. His name is the origin of the medical term priapism.
Polyphallic wind chime from Pompeii; a bell hung from each phallus
The city of Tyrnavos in Greece holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional phallophoric event on the first days of Lent.[3]
The phallus was ubiquitous in ancient Roman culture, particularly in the form of the fascinum, a phallic charm. The ruins of Pompeii produced bronze wind chimes (tintinnabula) that featured the phallus, often in multiples, to ward off the evil eye and other malevolent influences. Statues of Priapus similarly guarded gardens. Roman boys wore the bulla, an amulet that contained a phallic charm, until they formally came of age. According toAugustine of Hippo, the cult of Father Liber, who presided over the citizen's entry into political and sexual manhood, involved a phallus. the phallic deity Mutunus Tutunus promoted marital sex. A sacred phallus was among the objects considered vital to the security of the Roman state which were in the keeping of the Vestal Virgins. Sexuality in ancient Rome has sometimes been characterized as "phallocentric." Hence , there is nothing to say much about Phallus worship which was common in other countries also. Now please see the following and read it :-
"A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices, which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them". -- Emile Durkheim

The Black Stone is a Muslim object of reverence, which according to Islamic traditions dates back to the time of Adam and Eve. Many consider it to be a Tektite. It is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient Sacred Stone towards which Muslims pray in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is covered with an elaborately gold-threaded embroidered Quranic verses on a black-draped cloth. As any non-Muslim in the temple would be slain on sight, and photography is generally prohibited, this stone is shrouded in mystery? However, if you do succeed in tracking down the three accounts of the pilgrimage of Hajj to Mecca you might be considered a lucky one!
What these views reveal, is a polished black stone of which less than two feet is visible… This stone is set in large solid silver mountings. The whole resembles, quite deliberately, for reasons which will emerge, ‘the vulva of the goddess’! There is severe damage to the stone, as it was taken away by the sacrilegious Qarmatians in 930 CE and broken into a number of pieces before returning the pieces for a great price. The Stone pieces are held together by a silver frame, which is fastened by silver nails to the Stone. The Stone is roughly 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter, and 1.5 meters (5 ft.) above the ground. When pilgrims circle the Kaaba as part of the Tawaf ritual of the Hajj, many of them try, if possible, to stop and kiss the Black Stone, ‘emulating the kiss that it received from Prophet Muhammad.’ If they cannot reach it, then they are to point to it on each of their seven circuits around the Kaaba. ONCE AGAIN I REPEAT THAT I. HAVE TAKEN THIS FROM THE WEB ONLY TO SHOW THAT PHALLUS WORSHIP WAS COMMON.
The Black Stone of Kaaba in Mecca is called Al-hajar Al-aswad in Arabic. The word Kaaba (also Ka'ba, or Ka'bah) means ‘The Cube’. That Muslims now refer to it as the ‘Hand of Allah’, which does not diminish the urge for all those, who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca to touch or kiss this sacred Islamic object! :-)
The Black Stone's Origin
'A principal sacred object in Pagan Arabian religion was the stone... Such stones were thought to be the residence of a god; hence the term applied to them by the Byzantine Christian writers of the fifth and sixth centuries: 'baetyl', from bet'el, 'the house of god'.
'In north Arabian temples the image of the deity sometimes stood in the open air or it could be sheltered in a qubbah, a vaulted niche... Not to be confused with the qubbah is the word for ka'bah, for a cube-shaped walled structure which... served as a shelter for the sacred stones.'
Camphausen, in his article [3], reveals that the misogynic Muslim religion has its origins in the worship of goddess. Allah is a revamped version of the ancient goddess Al'Lat, and it was her shrine, which has since continued with little change, as the Kaaba. The known history of Mohammed reveals that he was born around 570 CE into a tribe of the Koreishe (Quraysh), who not only worshipped the goddess Q're, but were the sworn guardians of her shrine. By 622, Mohammed was preaching the ways of his god, Allah, and was driven out by his own tribe as a result. There are also various opinions as to what the Black Stone actually is… The Muslims say that the Stone was found by Abraham (Ibrahim) and his son Ishmael (Ismail) when they were searching for stones with which to build the Kaaba (House of God). They recognized its worth and made it one of the building's cornerstones.
The Kaaba at Mecca describes the shape of the black stone structure on a marble base, which stands in the centre court of the Great Mosque, Masjidul Haram, at the centre of Mecca. It stands about 50 feet high by about 35 feet wide. Set into the eastern corner is the sacred stone. This Kaaba is a cubed shaped temple (according to Islam) rebuilt by Abraham and his son Ishmael. Reverently draped in black cloth throughout the year, it beckons to every Muslim of the world to come to its sacred ground and perform the ritual of Hajj.
The Kaaba is the canonical center of the Islamic world; every pious act, particularly prayer, is directed towards it. Once a year it plays host to the greatest convention of Muslim believers, and stands ready to sanctify the Umrah travelers through rest of the year.
The official starting point of the walk around the Kaaba, that forms the core of the holy pilgrimage (hajj). During the Tawaf, the pilgrims kiss or touch the black stone as they circumambulate the Kaaba.” Friends this does not mean this PHALLUS is SHIVA LINGA. However, this is an evidence, that in olden days LINGA WORSHIP was common in all over world. Even now we practice it although Hindus call it as SHIVA LINGA, others call it by some other name.
Since phallus was considered as Lord Shiva , the Aryans who came later than Dravidians started worshipping the later god of Dravidians “VISHNU” as the ultimate PARABRAHMA since this was also a form of SUN GOD and whose colour was Blue which according to Dravidians coincided with the colour of வானம் (VAANAM) –Sky. And his counter-part of wealth, beauty etc was called the goddess Lakshmi.Due to fear of Lord Shiva they might have named him the STORM GOD called RUDRA. Lord Krishna in tamil language is called “கண்ணன்” (Kannan) is a Demon opposed to INDRA in Rig Veda who was the Dravidian God of Youth and according to Sri. P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar a Pundit in this subject , was later identified with VISHNU as an incarnation of His.
There is one more Dravidian God called முருகன், who is also a god of youth and youthful powers of bravery and war and later called as KUMARA or SKANDA, KAARTHIKEYA etc. was treated as the son of Lord SHIVA. Ganesha the elephant headed demon who is to be appeased before any function starts , to acert any supernatural hindrances even was called as Vishwaksena who is none other than Ganesha. If you go to Sri Rangam Temple you can see, Ganesha with a trishurnam , one red vertical line and two white vertical lines on the sides, on forehead and he is called as Vishwaksenar. He is also called as VIGNESHWARA because he removes, as per Hindus, all obstacles. The very fact that he is having an elephant face shows that he is of pre-aryan origin. He is also considered as the eldest son of Lord Shiva by Shaivates.
Friends, Aryans never knew the divinities as Zoomorphic or lower animals as typifying the forces of nature till they had the opportunity to mix with other races. Hence only after mixing with other races they started representing their gods like INDRA, AGNI etc. as BULLS or RAMS and HORSE respectively. In vedas we can see this the horse is known as DADHIKRAAVAN meaning who goes with high speed (HORSE) . GARUDA is made as the vehicle of Vishnu, Mouse as the vehicle of Ganesha etc. are proof.
Friends, I have given the race movements in India up-to and including the arrival of ARYANS to some extent, and to the extent of my knowledge. Last but not least I would like to thank many who have written in Web Sites and Dr. R.C MAJUMDAR, Dr. PUSALEKAR and Dr. A.K. MAJUMDAR to whom I am indebted and thankful, for the help I have taken and whose book called “THE VEDIC AGE” helped me a lot in writing this essay.
Regards and Namaskarams,
P.R.RADHAKRISHNAN

OUR INDIAN DEMOCRACY
Friends,
I am a Political Science Post-graduate and this is one of my subjects. Although Democracy cannot be defined in its correct sense, it was former President of the United States, Mr. Abraham Lincoln who defined DEMOCRACY as a GOVERNMENT of the people, by the people and for the people. However, such a short definition cannot be conceived properly and requires certain details:-
A country to boast as democratic has to fulfill certain basic requirements which need not be written anywhere but to be kept in the minds of all politicians and those who are in authority.
The following are the basic requirements:-
(1) The topmost priority is to be given to the BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS to every individual with regard to social groups like religious groups etc.
(2) Separation of powers between legislature, executive, Judiciary
(3) Freedom of Opinion, Speech and Press. I do not mean, by saying freedom of speech, that anyone can say anything even if it totally obscene or against the interest of the state, or directed as harmful to any individual’s esteem. However, our legitimate opinion can be aired on any matter if it is not against any individual’s legitimate esteem.
(4) Religious liberty. By religious liberty, I mean to say that anyone can follow any religion if it is not coerced on him/her. There should not be any discrimination between individuals belonging to any religious groups, male and female etc. in Voting. In other words, to provide equal rights to vote.
(5) Uncorrupted governance which focusses on the interest of the public at large.
(6) People (Public) should have the power to recall any person who is elected to govern since, it is these public who have elected the person, to govern, provided his/her governance is not satisfactory to them.
These were incorporated only in 17 and 18th century by political philosophers of western countries, which include separation of church. Before I go further , although the majority of the countries are republics, there are some countries like England, Belgium, Netherlands etc. the King or the queen is the Head of the state or in other words still have constitutional Monarchy. There are many types of Democracies like (i) Representative Democracy, (ii) Parliamentary System like we have in India (iii)Presidential form of Democracy (iv) Semi-presidential form of Democracy, and Liberal.
I shall deal with Presidential Form of Democracy which is prevalent in the United States of America, which will give a fair idea about Democracy in America which I find is more suitable type for India.
(1) In India, in my opinion the voting system is to be changed to PROPORTIONAL VOTING SYSTEM as in Germany, Sweden and in many other states.
As a layman if someone asks what is this PROPORTONAL VOTING SYSTEM, my answer is representation of Candidate(s) of all parties in proportion to their popular vote .In other words Proportional Voting assures that political parties or candidates will have the per cent of legislative seats that reflects their public support. A party or candidate need not come in first to win seats. In our country we have chosen the FPTP that is the First Past the Post as our electoral system, to provide our representation in the State Assemblies and Parliament. The weakness of this system is that even if a party gets 20 or 30 per cent of votes win more percentage of seats and claim to form the government. This is one of the reasons why corruption is gaining popularity in the government. CERI ( Campaign for Electoral Reforms in India) proposed a Proportional electoral system in INDIA, mainly to minimise the corruption which is rampant in the government. Anna Hazare’s aspiration to certain extend can also be fulfilled by changing from FPTP system to proportional voting system.
Now I shall tell the Forms of Governments :-
(1) Democracy (2) Totalitarian regime ( Just like Hitler’s Regime) (3) Authoritarian regime (4) Authoritarian regime (5) Theocracy.
In Democracy itself there are many types as (a) Representative Democracy (b) Parliamentary Democracy (c) Presidential Democracy (d) Semi-presidential type of Democracy (e)Liberal Democracy (f) Constitutional Democracy (g) Direct Democracy.
Our India is a constitutional republic consisting of many states on linguistic basis and seven centrally-controlled union territories with New Delhi as the nation's capital.
India is the biggest democracy in the World. Now, let us see whether we have all these elements in the present context:-
1. BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS : I wonder, whether we have it now or not. In India in the name of protecting minority religion, majority religions are getting suppressed. Why I say this is the intolerance of the any political party to suppress either minority communities or majority communities. The congress government (UPA) is against majority religion and trying to suppress in the name of protecting minority religion. Example: If we cannot have RAM JANMA BHUMI in AYODHYA, where can we have it in this world? Kindly do not wound the hearts of Majority Hindus to please the Minority Religions. Why prolong litigation? Kindly note “JUSTCE DELAYED IS JUSTICE DENIED”. Why intolerance of having Hindu governments in certain States? . For example complete world praises MODI GOVERNMENT in GUJARAT for its developmental activities. To say GUJARAT is the best administered state will not be a misnomer. Why the Central Government is totally against that state? Is it because it is a state which has seen development san UPA? I feel it is because of U.P.A government in Centre’s jealousy that a non-U.P.A government is able to achieve what they could not achieve during their regime in Gujarat so far. It is evident from the fact that it is trying to unstable a duly elected government by foisting many cases like GODHRA, and threatening by recent Police Officer, Bhatt’s case by the Home Minister of U.P.A Government without leaving it to the law enforcing agencies to act. Recent action of arresting Sri. Anna Hazare for no fault by him. Although, the central government blames Delhi Police, I am not convinced by the Home minister’s answer, since Police in DELHI cannot act without the authority of the Centre . Is this not against HUMAN RIGHTS ? I do not wonder why such things happen in INDIA because of the government’s policy by which, in their anxiety to create two classes called Upper and Lower class , they suppress middle class people instead of bringing up LOWER CLASS people to Middle class. Is it correct to suppress middle class people ? Action against Sri. Subramanian Swamy by the government to file case against him comes out of sheer vendetta.
2, SEPARATION OF POWERS: I am of the opinion that In writing we have SEPARATION OF POWERS but in actual practice we are for committed Judiciary and other such autonomous bodies. The Central government also pressurizes CBI, although they say now they are autonomous body. But it actual practice, they are the puppets of the Central Government. Friends in fact in INDIAN DEMOCRACY we are strictly prohibited by coercion, to call A SPADE, A SPADE. If we open our mouth against the government in power, we will be targeted. It is also of paramount importance that central state cordial relationship is maintained for which we must follow American system of confederation of states and Presidential system of government. Centre sending a governor to states without the consent of the state government should be stopped forthwith. Governors are acting as pro-center tools than becoming independent observers. I feel the tenure of the governor is fixed.
5. RELIGIOUS LIBERTY : If this present SARKAR is against HINDU MAJORITY , the BJP is against other religions although they say that they are strictly SECULAR, and call the Congress party pseudo-secular. The government either at the Centre or in the STATE unnecessarily interferes in HINDU religious affairs to appease the minority religions by interfering in HINDUS’ religious matters. No one is prepared to leave RELIGION to grow of its own. From DEVASWAM BOARDS, the government’s restrictions start. Please treat RELIGION as our fundamental right and only those who believe in it should become members of the BOARDS. No TOM, DICK and HARRY should be made as members of any religious bodies. When the Left Government was in power in KERALA I saw a nonbeliever of GOD who was a minister, in Sabari Malai. Such things should not happen. Will it happen in a Muslim congregation? In Sri. Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Thiruvananthapuram, even the Supreme Court of India hesitate to pronounce the judgment whether to open the unopened vault or not! . I am of the firm opinion that any government or executive is subsidiary to the Religion. No person whether male or female should be compelled by any person to change his/her religion under any circumstances be it by marriage or any such circumstances. I make this point very clear that I have seen many Hindus change their religion under coercion by some religious fanatics if they want to marry a female or male from those religions.
4. RIGHT TO VOTE : It is of paramount importance that all as per the age limit, get the right to vote without fear. No money power to be exercised by any individual on the voter, to vote for him or the party candidates. I find, many illegal means being adopted by the candidates and parties to get the votes of individuals. Their main goal is not to represent the people but to MAKE MONEY. I Remember a proverb in Malayalam “ ദീപസ്ഥംഭം മഹാശ്ചര്യം എനിക്കും കിട്ടണം പണം”. This is the inherent attitude of the present SO CALLED NETHAS. They are ready to give any amount of money, liquor etc. to purchase the voter. This attitude is to be stopped. The person who is a candidate for election should be asked to declare his/her assets including his/hers husband/wife/children and other benami transactions, if any, before he is given a ticket to stand for election and such information are to be published in at least all prominent English and Vernacular News Papers for the information of the public apart from publishing in Election Commission’s Notice Board and which can be accessed by all, through computers. If a person is an independent candidate, he/she must declare his/her assets including his/hers/children’s and other close relatives’ assets and any benami transactions made by him/her/husband/wife/children and other close relatives. I do not agree with ANNA HAZARE when he says that he is going to tell the voters not to vote for the candidates of CONGRESS PARTY if they do not pass the JANLOKPAL BILL. Most probably they might have certain compulsions or the JANLOKPAL BILL might be defective. If the Congress Party is prepared to select an honest person to the core, I do not think we must not cast our vote to such people. What we require is that corruption should totally be uprooted. I give a suggestion that the Government exclusively should bear the expenses and the candidates should be asked to deposit some reasonable amount of money with the Election Commission which should be returned to the candidate provided he/she gets certain percentage of votes totally casted. Percentage of totally casted votes is to be fixed by the Election commission and the Supreme Court in consultation with the government in power. Consultation does not mean that whatever the ruling party says should be taken as the yard stick. The candidates should not be made to spent money on account of election and any expenses made by him for this purpose should be heavily penalized, on detection. Receiving money or any presentation from the candidate or any person or organization, by an individual to vote certain candidate is to be proclaimed through enacting laws to this effect, a serious offence with heavy penalties.
I have one more suggestion to make that if the voter is not satisfied with the candidates chosen by the party or who stands as an independent candidate, there should be a column in the Voting Slip that the voter is not satisfied with all candidates on which he/she affixes the stamp and cast his/hers vote. Such votes are to be treated as negative votes while total votes obtained by all candidates are counted. I also feel that as per the Party’s strength the candidates should be allotted with certain time to make his/her speech in Televisions and radios without casting any aspersions on other candidates and projecting what he/she will do for the people at large if he/she is voted to power. The independent candidates should also be allowed to speak in all television channels and radios about what he/she will be doing for the people at large, provided all pay to the channels in which they make speech at reasonable price. The only difference is the payment of a candidate belonging to any political Party is borne by the Party concerned, and by individual candidates, by them.
5. UNCORRUPT GOVERNNANCE : Herein, I would like to quote what Sir Winston Churchill said about Democracy : Quote “No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time “ Unquote . I feel that he is right when he says that DEMOCRACY IS THE WORST FORM OF GOVERNMENT. It may not be possible to get a totally uncorrupted government in a Democratic set up. Why I say this is in Indian Democratic System any person can become an MLA, MP, MLC etc. whether he/she is capable to become an MLA/MLC/MP etc. We have to learn from Britishers as to who makes the best choice. They always employ those who have the titles of Sir, Lord etc. since they cannot become corrupt. In democratic set up such a classification is impossible. We are now at the verge of degeneration of Democracy into OCHLOCRACY or MOBOCRACY. The incidents occur in Andhra Pradesh for forming a separate TELENGANA, the undue interference of central government in state affairs and Corruption in government point out that our democratic set up is about to perish. As per the great Political thinker, POLIBIUS, this is a natural phenomenon of any type of government namely Democracy, Aristocracy and Monarchy to get degenerated as Mobocracy, oligarchy, and tyranny. The governments have to undergo this cycle since all these forms are subject to degeneration in course of time because of selfishness of the politicians. I fully endorse the view of Polibius. I will not wonder if different states within India ask for more autonomy to start with since the Central Government unnecessarily interfere in the STATES’ affairs, ruled by opposition parties.
In India, that may happen earlier. As I had already mentioned, it is imperative if our Democracy is not to degenerate, that the right to recall an MLA/MLC or MPs of both the houses should be given to the people , if they are found corrupt or not fulfilling the aspirations of the people who elected them, by making suitable amendments to the constitution. I stand by with Anna Hazare on this point. It is because of the folly of the Congress in giving Linguistic states rather than dividing India into states of equal zones and amending the education policy, by making the first language as the mother tongue of the child, which is to be given by the parent(s) during the admission of the child in school, such problems crop up.
The Judicial system in our country requires total overhaul. Justice gets delayed and there- by it is denied. As Sri. Karunanidhi of DMK said about releasing the LTTE prisoners who were instrumental in killing Sri. Rajiv Gandhi, I am of the opinion that justice delayed is justice denied. Of course, they are worth hanging but we have delayed the action. Our judicial system is such that no innocent person to be punished even if we are to sacrifice real justice. Judiciary should take immediate action to punish a person found guilty on the first count itself. All appeals on flimsy grounds should not be entertained which is not tn practice now a days.
In India we are to give DAKSHINA (underhand dealings) from the peon to the highest official of the government even to get a death certificate. In all offices there should be only one counter to give applications for any document where it should be mentioned the documents to be attached along with the applications. This office should be away from the Main Office to where no one should be allowed free access.but within a village or in more populated areas within a street . These offices should be kept closed except for the executives. A time stipulation should be given to get back the official documents for which we have sought for, from the government as against our request which should not exceed 10 days’ time, irrespective of whether it is from central govt. Or state government. By this, the Government servants will be made to work. We can also avoid paying DAKSHINA.

CONCLUDED.
Regards and NAMASKARAMS,
P.R.RADHAKRISHNAN