THE RACE MOVEMENTS AND
PREHISTORIC CULTURE IN INDIA
Friends,
It is a difficult task to write about the pre-historic and early historic times in India since there is lack of material evidence. Due to this we can never say with certainty and therefore not possible for anyone to apprise the movements of people of India even before 2000 years ago. Hence it will be hypothetical and based on the present day situations.
Racial Anthropologists , who deals with the physical features which contributed to the beginning of the population in India without considering the linguistic and cultural built up of Indian population have advanced diverse views. but Sir, Herbert Risley put forward his views on behalf of Government of India. Like these eminent scientists, there were many who concluded their view ; but the revelation made by Dr. B.S. Guha Former Director of Anthropological Survey Of India is an authoritative view on this matter. They are :-
(1) The Negirtos (2) The Porto Austroloids (3) The two types of Mongoloids who are (i) Palaeo Mongoloids consisting of (a) long headed and (b) broad headed types and (ii) Tibeto-Mongoloids (4) The Mediterranean consisting of (i) Palaeo-Mediterranean, (ii) Mediterranean and (iii) The oriental type (5) The Western Brachycephals comprising of (i) The Alpinoid (ii) The Dinaric and (iii) The armenoid, and (6) The Nordic.
Although the NEGRITOS are almost extinct, there are few still remaining in (i) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, (ii) In Cochin and Travancore Hills of Kerala State we can see a small group of Kadars and Palayans (iii) Irulars of Wynad who are akin to the Negritos found in the Andamans and Nicobar Islands (iv) Angami Nagas of Assam and Nagaland and (v) hill-tribes of Eastern Bihar. It is said the Proto-Australoids supressed them and aborobed many of them particularly, but other races also took part in this process. As far as Negritos are concerned although we may not be definitive their appearance, it coincide with a common origin for the Negritos and African pygmies, especially in the Andamanese Islanders who have been isolated from incoming waves of Asiatic and Indo-Aryan peoples. No other living human population has experienced such long-lasting isolation from contact with other groups.
It is believed that the PROTO-AUSTRALOIDs came from the west. They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Veddoids from South Asia and Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Papuan, Melanesians and Negrito groups.As per this classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and India. Proto-Australoid racial group includes Bhumiz, Gadaba, Juang, Kharia, Koda, Kolha, Mahali, Mirdha, Munda, Santal and Saora tribes. Tribes like Bathudi, Bhatra, Binjhal, Bhuyan, Lodha and Saunti belong to non-Australoid racial stock while Australoid racial stock is represented by Gond, Kondh, Kissan, Oraon, Paraja and Pentia Halva tribes. The Tribes of South India from Kerala, Tamil Nadu including the tribes of Nilgiris, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are the mixture of proto-australoids, negritos etc.
Now let us take the Mongoloids. The Mongoloids have features that are common to those of the people of Mongolia, China and Tibet. These tribal groups can be seen in the North- Eastern part of India in states like Assam, Nagaland and Meghalaya as also in Ladakh and Sikkim.They are people of yellow complexion, oblique eyes, high cheekbones, sparse hair and medium height.There are two types of Mongoloids (a) Long Headed and (b) broad headed.
The Mediterraneans can be classified as (i) Palaeo-Mediterraneans (ii) Mediterraneanse and the Oriental type of Mediterraneanse . The PALAEO-MEDI-TERRANEANS can be said as DRAVIDIANS “These are the people who mainly inhabit the regions in South India such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh etc. They have recently been divided into various sub-groups for example the Paleo-Mediterranean, the true Mediterranean, and the Oriental Mediterranean.
It is believed that they are people of the same origins as many of the people of Asia Minor and pre- Hellenic Aegean's of Greece. It is believed that they built the ancient city and civilization of the Indus valley.
The Palaeo-Mediterraneans inhabit the regions in South India such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka , Andhra etc. Mediterranean, and the Oriental Mediterranean. They are dark skinned and their built is “slightly”. Palaeo-Mediterranean group constitutes the bulk of the Scheduled Castes in the North India. This group has a sub-type called Oriental group.

The True Mediterraneans who are taller and fairer than the Palaeo type, settled in PUNJAB and Upper Gangetic Valley are said to be and called as pre-aryan race or even the civilised dravidians of North India. It was North India which was Aryanised in language and contributed much to HINDUISM and culture of North Indian .

Now we shall deal with the Western Brachyceephals. They are The ethnic groups like Alpinoids, Dinarics, Armenoids, Parsis and Kodavas (COORGIES). The people were characterized by features like broad foreheads, brown skin, sharp features, etc. They occupied the western side of the country and can be called the foundation for the present day people in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. PARSIS of Mumbai are lately arrived Armenoids. Unlike the Iranian Zoroastrians they are not long headed.

Now let us take the ARYAN TRIBES called NORDIC. As per Wikipedia “The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages. Latin, Greek, Hittite, Sanskrit, French, German, Latvian, English, Spanish, Russian etc. are all Indo-European languages; Indo-European, or more properly Proto-Indo-European (PIE), is the lost ancestral language from which those languages ultimately derive.” It was Sir William Jones, who observed the similarities between Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and Latin. By the early 1900s well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today although it is refined now. The Aryans were semi-nomadic Nordic Whites, perhaps located originally on the steppes of southern Russia and Central Asia, who spoke the parent language of the various Indo-European languages.
Latin, Greek, Hittite, Sanskrit, French, German, Latvian, English, Spanish, Russian etc. are all Indo-European languages; Indo-European, or more properly Proto-Indo-European (PIE), is the lost ancestral language from which those languages ultimately derive. The "Proto" indicates that the grammar and vocabulary of this long extinct language, probably spoken up until 3000 BC, are a hypothetical reconstruction by modern philologists. Just as Romance languages like Italian and Spanish derive from Latin, so Latin derives from PIE.
Indo-European philology traditionally used "Aryan" both to denote a people, understood racially or ethnically, and the language group itself ("Aryan speech"), irrespective of the race or ethnicity of the people speaking its various branches. In the wake of National Socialist Germany's defeat, the term fell out of general scholarly use in both senses, and "Indo-European" (IE) became the preferred designation of the language group, "Indo-Europeans" of both the people who occupied the original Aryan homeland and their descendants, who gradually spread out across Europe, much of the Indian sub-continent, and parts of the Near East. Racial nationalists are not, of course, obliged to adopt the timid PC-lexicon of contemporary scholarship, but we should be aware of imprecision of "Aryan" as a racial or ethnic classification.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION : We learn from the sculls and human skeletons from the ruins of Indus Valley. These prove the heterogeneous existence comprising of the different types of tribes like the four Proto-Astraloids, Mediterraneans Alpinoids and Mongoloids. However this evidence has no accuracy or scientific precision.
We do not have any material evidence too as regards the Panis, Vraathyas,Vasheekaas, Asuras and Nagas.
RIGVEDIC TIME (ARYAN RACE)
Political Life
The Early Vedic period is known from the Rig Veda.This was composed between 1700 and 1100 BC. This period can also be called as early IRON AGE. During this period, the kingdom was tribal in character. Each tribe formed a separate kingdom. The basic unit of the political organization was family (kula). A number of families formed a Village (Grama). Its head was the Gramani. A group of villages constituted a large unit called clan (vis) Several clans formed the tribe (Jana) Theft leader was Rajan, the Vedic king. He protected his people from enemies He was assisted by the purohita or priest, the senani of commandant, the Sabha and the Samithi in administration.
Social Life
Family was the basis of the society. The Aryan society was patriarchal in nature. Father was the head of the family. He was called Grahapathi. Vedas lay great stress on the sanctity of marriage and family life.
Position of Women
Women enjoyed a respectable position in the early Vedic society. They had freedom to choose husbands. The wife was the mistress of the house. They participated in public meetings. There were women scholars like Lopamudra, Visvavara, Ghosha, Sikata, Nivavari and Apala. They were treated equally. But their position changed in the Later Vedic period.
Economic Life
Hunting was a major activity. Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, asses and dogs were reared. When they settled down in particular places, agriculture became their main occupation. People developed the arts of weaving, training, carpentry and metal work. Trade developed through the exchange of goods or the barter system. External trade with Western Asia and Egypt was carried on. The coins were called nishka. They were used for trade purposes. Cosmetics, sandalwood and ivory were the export items. Horses and dates were imported.
Food and Entertainments
The food of the people consisted of barley cakes, milk, ghee, fruits, vegetables and meat. Intoxicating drinks were produced from soma plant and sura from barley were offered to Gods and consumed. Chariot racing, hunting, horse racing, dicing, music and dance were the favorite pastimes. Boxing was also known to them. They knew playing veena.
Dress and Ornaments
Men wore a garment like Dhoti. The upper garment was like a shawl. They wore turbans and grew beards. Women wore vasas (under garments), nivi (dress worn at the waist) and Athivasas (the upper cover). Dresses were made up of cotton and wool. Both men and women wore different kinds of ornaments. Ear rings, necklaces, bangles and hair bands were used. Chappals made of leather were also used.

RELIGION
During the early Vedic period religion was not the form of nature worship. Fire, sun, wind, sky and trees were worshipped. Prayers were offered to Agni, Vayu and Surya. Agni and Varuna were the most favourite Gods. Yagas and Yajnas were the most common rituals. Since Gods had no definite shape, there were no statues and even temples.
YAJUR VEDA :
The Yajur Veda Samhita contains MANTHRAS REQUIRED to perform the sacrifices of HINDU RELIGION AS PERCEIVED BY THE ARYANS , with BRAHMANAS AND SRAUTHA SOOTHRAS. This was composed between 1500 BC and 1000 B.C. . There are two primary versions of Yajurveda called as SHUKLA YAJURVEDA and KRISHNA YAJUR VEDA. While the Shukla Yajurveda has separately a Brahmana text, the Shatapatha Brahmana. Shula Yajurveda also contains Vajasaneyi Samhita. The name Vajasaneyi is derived from Vajasaneya, patronymic of sage Yajnavalkya, an authority and according to tradition, founder of the Vajasaneyi branch. The Vajasaneyi Samhita has forty chapters or adhyayas, containing the formulas used with the following rituals:-
(a) Agnihotra (b) Soma Yajna (c) Vajapeya (d) Rajasuya ( both c and d are Soma Sacrifices. (e) Agnichyana (f) Sautramani – to counter the effects of excesseive drinking (SOIMA) (g) Ashwamedha (h) formulae to suppliment various rituals (i) Purusha Medha (j) Sarvamedha (k) Pitri Yajna (l) Pravargya (m) Isha Upanishad (n) Sacrifices during New moon and Full Moon ( Amavasya and Paurnami)
KRISHNA YAJURVEDA :
Krishna Yajurveda consists of Taittirīya saṃhitā (TS) originally of Panchala
Maitrayani saṃhitā (MS) originally of the area south of Kurukshetra
Caraka-Kaṭha saṃhitā (KS) originally of Madra and Kurukshetra
Kapiṣṭhala-Kaṭha saṃhitā (KapS) of the southern Punjab and Bahika
Each of the recensions has or had a Brahmana associated with it, and most of them also have associated Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras, Aranyakas, Upanishads and Pratishakhyas.
THE TATTTIRIYA SAMHITA
The best known and best preserved of these recensions is the Taittirīya saṃhitā, named after Tittiri, a pupil of Yaska and an authority according to Panini., Tittiri in Sanskrit means partridge, and according to a legend, Yajnavalkya had quickly grasped a portion of the Yajurveda, but due to his arrogance, he was asked to eject out the portion by his teacher, who was incensed by his attitude. By his learned knowledge, he was able to reach out what he had studied. This regurgitated portion was swallowed by a covey of partridges and known as the TS.
The Taittirīya saṃhitā consists 7 books or kandas, subdivided in chapters or prapathakas, further subdivided into individual sections (anuvakas). Some individual hymns in this Samhita have gained particular importance in Hinduism; e.g. TS 4.5 and TS 4.7 constitute the Rudram Chamakam, while 1.8.6.i is the Shaivaite Tryambakam mantra. The beejas bhūr bhuvaḥ suvaḥ prefixed to the (rigvedic) Savitur Gayatri mantra are also from the Yajurveda. The Taittiriya recension of the Black Yajurveda is the shakha now most prevalent in southern India. Among the followers of this Shakha, the Apastamba Sutras are the common. The Taittiriya Shakha consists of Taittiriya Samhita (having seven kandas), Taittiriya Brahmana (having three kandas), Taittiriya Aranyaka (having seven prashnas) (See Aranyaka Literature), Taittiriya Upanishad (having three prashnas or vallis – Shiksha valli, Ananda valli and Bhrigu valli) and the Mahanarayana Upanishad. The Taittiriya Upanishad and Mahanarayana Upanishad are considered to be the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth prashnas of the Aranyaka. The words prapathaka and kanda (meaning sections) are interchangeably used in Vedic literature. Prashna and valli refer to sections of the Aranyaka. You may ask me who is PANINI the answer is : Pāṇini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.
SAAMA VEDA
In the Order of Vedas SAMA VEDA is the third one. SAMA VEDA is as called “SAMAN” is purely a liturgical collection of melodies The hymns in the Sama Veda, used as musical notes, were almost completely drawn from the Rig Veda. As Vedic Scholar David Frawley puts it, if the Rig Veda is the word, Sama Veda is
the song or the meaning, if Rig Veda is the knowledge, Sama Veda is its realization, if Rig Veda is the wife, the Sama Veda is her husband.
ATHARVA VEDA : The Word ATHARVA means that which does not waver, and which is unchanging “THARVA GATI KARMA NA THARVA ETI ATHARVA |” Dravidian culture. In fact the “ likelihood of Dravidian origin (Mediterraneans) “ll YOGASH CHITTA VRITTI NIRODHAHA ll” which means controlling the different impulses of the mind and senses in yoga. The Gita re-iterates that when the mind is free from impulses and flaws, the mind becomes stable and the person becomes neutral when the impulses of the mind and the other senses are in control, then only the mind is freed from instability and purterbances. The word "Atharva" therefore refers to neutrality of personality. The Atharvaveda speaks more about Yoga, the human physiology, different ailments, social structure, spirituality, appreciation of natural beauty, national religion etc. This knowledge is practical and is worth bringing in use.
Atharva Veda is written partly in prose and partly in poetic forms. From Atharva veda we learn about Yoga, the human physiology, different ailments, social structure, spirituality, appreciation of natural beauty, national religion etc. A number of facts related to AYURVEDA are seen here, that is why Ayurveda is considered to be the Upaveda (Sub-Veda) of this Veda. Even Black Magic (मन्त्रवाद), तन्तर etc can be learnt from ATHARVA VEDA.
Friends, I cannot go much deep into philosophic part of ATHARVA VEDA since I do not know much about it.
Friends , Poojas with flower, leaves and Water were not known or alien to the first batch of Aryans who came and settled in India . In fact, Prof. Mark Collins, an authority on this subject , is of the opinion POOJA was deduced later from “PU” and “chey”( பூ + செய்) which is purely of Dravidian origin which was adopted by later Aryans. In fact the word PUJA is fusion of DRAVIDIAN AND ARYAN CULTURE. As per Vedic rights , while performing HOMA , wood fire is lighted in the Alter, and certain offerings of food like meat , fat, butter milk and SOMA (IIQUOR) ore offered to the god(s), who are not at all symbolised by an IMAGE, but are supposed to dwell the sky and to receive these offerings through the fire.” Among Hindus, the Brahmins star with HOMA shows the tradition of ARYANS.
However, we find a passage in the BHAGAVATH GITHA “ “ll पत्रं पुष्पम् फलम् तोयम् यो मे भक्त्या प्रयच्छति l तदहं भक्त्युपहृतमश्नामि प्रयतात्मानःll” - (BG. Chapt. 9 Verse 26). The meaning is “if any one offers me with devotion, a leaf, a flower, a fruit and water , I receive that, offered in devotion by the person whose soul is discilined”.
It appears to me that this was a later period of Aryans who adopted the origin of this noteworthy ritual of a finished Hindu religion is given in the Bhagavad Geetha only in 800 BC i.e round about the age of Christ.
Further The ARYANS believed in GODS like INDRA, SOMA, SOORYA, AGNI, VARUNA, USHAS, POOSHAN PARJANYA etc.( POOSHAN is vedic Solar deity ): पूषण् ( Sanskrit ) and Parjanya means Rain or rain clouds in Vedic Sanskrit.
It appears to me that Lord Siva and Goddess Uma are of Dravidian in origin. Why I say this, is because SIVAN is a Tamil Word which is a POLLUTION of the word “ சிவன் ” meaning “சிவந்தவன்” red in colour. This name is known as NEELA LHITHA meaning the one with blue throat. This aspect can be seen in the PURANAS and RIG VEDA (X.136, vii). as having consumed the world poison and having preserved it in his throat. Again the word SHAMBHU ( शंभू,சம்பூ) is a Tamil Word which came from the word “செம்பு” meaning copper which is a red metal. This Dravidian God was first taken by Aryans who called Him Rudra (रुद्र) and identified as the already existing Aryan STORM GOD, who is the father of MARUT (मरुत) - Maruts, storm deities and sons of Rudra and Diti and attendants of Indra.-one of our HINDU GODS. Aryans meant a different . They called Lod SHIVA as REUDRA from the root RUD. (Rudra (“Devanagari: रुद्र) is a Rigvedic God, associated with wind or storm, and the hunt.” From WIKIPEDIA. The NAME UMA has a meaning as per ARYANS as MAA the Great Mother. I quote from the web “Parvati is an ancient mountain goddess, assocated with the Himalayas. She is similar to, but not identical with, the mountain goddess Uma. In terms of her personality and relationship to the god Siva, she also shares some aspects with the fathful-wife goddess Sati. She is the mother of Siva's children “She is also known as DURGHA, From the Web I got the following information :-
“The 'Mother Goddess' cult belonged exclusively to Crete where it was known as Durgha (compare Trqqas mentioned in Lycian inscriptions in Asia Minor) as Uma or Parvati. (Sastri p61) They probably brought along with them to India this Mediterranean or Aegean Saivaism, Mother Goddess with her consort Siva. The blood, beliefs and culture of the proto-Australoid and proto-Dravidian were incorporated into the general Dravidian stock. The Nagas, Yakkas, Rakshas were sub-Dravidian races with a greater amount of Australoid taint.”
THE PHALLIC SYMBOL OF LORD SIVA CALLED LINGA : Shiva Linga is a wide spread Indian Phallic figure. It consists of a feminine base ‘Yoni’ or ‘vagina’ and a rising masculine portion ‘the Phallus’ or ‘penis.’ The Linga artifacts, dating from the first century BC to the third century AD, are shaped like realistic ‘Phalli’. Thereafter the shape becomes progressively more abstract. By medieval times, its observable portion, rising from the Yoni, forms a round block with domed apex This symbol appears to be PROTO-AUSTROLOID ORIGIN. An American Professor by name Wemdy Dongier in History, says “ For Hindus, the phallus in the background, the archetype (if I may use the word in its Eliadean, indeed Bastianian, and non-Jungian sense) of which their own penises are manifestations, is the phallus (called the lingam) of the god Siva, who inherits much of the mythology of Indra (O'Flaherty, 1973). The lingam appeared,separate from the body of Siva, on several occasions. On each of these occasions, Sivas wrath was appeased when gods and humans promised to worship his lingam forever after, which, in India they still do. Hindus, for instance, will argue that the lingam has nothing whatsoever to do with the male sexual organ, an assertion blatantly contradicted by the material.”
According to SWAMY SHIVANANDA “the view that the Shiva Lingam represents the phallus is a mistake; The same sentiments have also been expressed by H. H. Wilson in 1840. The writer Christopher Isherwood also addresses the interpretation of the linga as a sex symbol. Isherwood writes "It has been claimed by some foreign scholars that the linga and its surrounding basin are sexual symbols, representing the male and female respectively. Well, anything can be regarded as the symbol of anything-that much is obvious. There are people who have chosen to see sexual symbolism in the spire and font of a Christian church. But Christians do not recognize this symbolism and even the most hostile critics of Christianity cannot pretend that it is a sex cult. The same is true of the cult of Shiva." Lord Shiva is also known as VIROOPAAKSHA or a”TERRIBLE ONE “ , PASUPATHI or Lord of Animals , Urdwa Linga :The one with the errect creative force etc.
“…….. in fact, is a rich source of Indian thinking about sexuality, social relations, ritual, cosmic process, and metaphysics. The Male-Female union in the form of “Phallus or Shiva Linga or Yoni-Linga” or “the Ardhanarishwara” may be visualized as a parallel to the Chinese philosophy of “Yin-Yang” or ‘the Male-Female.” Metaphysically, it also is the most scientific philosophy that explains fundamentals of existence through ‘positive and negative’ or ‘male and female’ aspects of matter and life. Moksha is only after Kama, of the four principles of life-Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. Kama is a sacred duty of men and women.
Unfortunately, some of us are ashamed of it because of Christian and Islamic influences. It was unacceptable, shameful and sinful to the Christians. They denounced it without understanding the culture, wrote demeaning articles, made laws and were able to influence the population to some extent. Their purpose was to teach us (the cultures which consider sex as sacred) the true path to God, the Christianity that considers sex as sin and purification of which is attained only by the blood of Jesus, the savior. Victorian Christians had the same kind of shock when they colonized Polynesian islands, for those islanders were sexually explicit in their lifestyle. The shocked Christian missionaries vowed and succeeded to eradicate the satanic culture by converting them to Christianity!” However the PHALLIC representation was in vogue during prehistoric times in almost all places of world.
Now let us see the Meaning of the Sanskrit word “ लिङ्गं” “is A mark, sign, token, an emblem, a badge, symbol, distinguishing mark, characteristic” ; and as per Vedantha “the subtle frame or body, the indestructible original of the gross or visible body.
Friends, Since I am not dealing about Lord Shiva and only about “Race movements in India”. when I say what is a PHALLUS I request all of you not to take it as against worship of Shiva. “The lingam is often represented with the Yoni, a symbol of the goddess or of Shakti, female creative energy. The union of lingam and yoni represents the indivisible two-in-oneness of male and female, the passive space and active time from which all life originates”. “A phallus is an erect penis, a penis-shaped object such as a dildo, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. Any object that symbolically resembles a penis may also be referred to as a phallus; however, such objects are more often referred to as being phallic (as in "phallic symbol"). Such symbols often represent the fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ, as well as the male orgasm.” “In traditional Greek mythology, Hermes, god of boundaries and exchange (popularly the messenger god) is considered to be a phallic deity by association with representations of him on herms (pillars) featuring a phallus. There is no scholarly consensus on this depiction and it would be speculation to consider Hermes a type of fertility god. Pan, son of Hermes, was often depicted as having an exaggerated erect phallus.
Priapus is a Greek god of fertility whose symbol was an exaggerated phallus. The son of Aphrodite and either Dionysus or Adonis, according to different forms of the original myth, he is the protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens, and male genitalia. His name is the origin of the medical term priapism.
Polyphallic wind chime from Pompeii; a bell hung from each phallus
The city of Tyrnavos in Greece holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional phallophoric event on the first days of Lent.[3]
The phallus was ubiquitous in ancient Roman culture, particularly in the form of the fascinum, a phallic charm. The ruins of Pompeii produced bronze wind chimes (tintinnabula) that featured the phallus, often in multiples, to ward off the evil eye and other malevolent influences. Statues of Priapus similarly guarded gardens. Roman boys wore the bulla, an amulet that contained a phallic charm, until they formally came of age. According toAugustine of Hippo, the cult of Father Liber, who presided over the citizen's entry into political and sexual manhood, involved a phallus. the phallic deity Mutunus Tutunus promoted marital sex. A sacred phallus was among the objects considered vital to the security of the Roman state which were in the keeping of the Vestal Virgins. Sexuality in ancient Rome has sometimes been characterized as "phallocentric." Hence , there is nothing to say much about Phallus worship which was common in other countries also. Now please see the following and read it :-
"A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices, which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them". -- Emile Durkheim

The Black Stone is a Muslim object of reverence, which according to Islamic traditions dates back to the time of Adam and Eve. Many consider it to be a Tektite. It is the eastern cornerstone of the Kaaba, the ancient Sacred Stone towards which Muslims pray in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is covered with an elaborately gold-threaded embroidered Quranic verses on a black-draped cloth. As any non-Muslim in the temple would be slain on sight, and photography is generally prohibited, this stone is shrouded in mystery? However, if you do succeed in tracking down the three accounts of the pilgrimage of Hajj to Mecca you might be considered a lucky one!
What these views reveal, is a polished black stone of which less than two feet is visible… This stone is set in large solid silver mountings. The whole resembles, quite deliberately, for reasons which will emerge, ‘the vulva of the goddess’! There is severe damage to the stone, as it was taken away by the sacrilegious Qarmatians in 930 CE and broken into a number of pieces before returning the pieces for a great price. The Stone pieces are held together by a silver frame, which is fastened by silver nails to the Stone. The Stone is roughly 30 cm (12 in.) in diameter, and 1.5 meters (5 ft.) above the ground. When pilgrims circle the Kaaba as part of the Tawaf ritual of the Hajj, many of them try, if possible, to stop and kiss the Black Stone, ‘emulating the kiss that it received from Prophet Muhammad.’ If they cannot reach it, then they are to point to it on each of their seven circuits around the Kaaba. ONCE AGAIN I REPEAT THAT I. HAVE TAKEN THIS FROM THE WEB ONLY TO SHOW THAT PHALLUS WORSHIP WAS COMMON.
The Black Stone of Kaaba in Mecca is called Al-hajar Al-aswad in Arabic. The word Kaaba (also Ka'ba, or Ka'bah) means ‘The Cube’. That Muslims now refer to it as the ‘Hand of Allah’, which does not diminish the urge for all those, who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca to touch or kiss this sacred Islamic object! :-)
The Black Stone's Origin
'A principal sacred object in Pagan Arabian religion was the stone... Such stones were thought to be the residence of a god; hence the term applied to them by the Byzantine Christian writers of the fifth and sixth centuries: 'baetyl', from bet'el, 'the house of god'.
'In north Arabian temples the image of the deity sometimes stood in the open air or it could be sheltered in a qubbah, a vaulted niche... Not to be confused with the qubbah is the word for ka'bah, for a cube-shaped walled structure which... served as a shelter for the sacred stones.'
Camphausen, in his article [3], reveals that the misogynic Muslim religion has its origins in the worship of goddess. Allah is a revamped version of the ancient goddess Al'Lat, and it was her shrine, which has since continued with little change, as the Kaaba. The known history of Mohammed reveals that he was born around 570 CE into a tribe of the Koreishe (Quraysh), who not only worshipped the goddess Q're, but were the sworn guardians of her shrine. By 622, Mohammed was preaching the ways of his god, Allah, and was driven out by his own tribe as a result. There are also various opinions as to what the Black Stone actually is… The Muslims say that the Stone was found by Abraham (Ibrahim) and his son Ishmael (Ismail) when they were searching for stones with which to build the Kaaba (House of God). They recognized its worth and made it one of the building's cornerstones.
The Kaaba at Mecca describes the shape of the black stone structure on a marble base, which stands in the centre court of the Great Mosque, Masjidul Haram, at the centre of Mecca. It stands about 50 feet high by about 35 feet wide. Set into the eastern corner is the sacred stone. This Kaaba is a cubed shaped temple (according to Islam) rebuilt by Abraham and his son Ishmael. Reverently draped in black cloth throughout the year, it beckons to every Muslim of the world to come to its sacred ground and perform the ritual of Hajj.
The Kaaba is the canonical center of the Islamic world; every pious act, particularly prayer, is directed towards it. Once a year it plays host to the greatest convention of Muslim believers, and stands ready to sanctify the Umrah travelers through rest of the year.
The official starting point of the walk around the Kaaba, that forms the core of the holy pilgrimage (hajj). During the Tawaf, the pilgrims kiss or touch the black stone as they circumambulate the Kaaba.” Friends this does not mean this PHALLUS is SHIVA LINGA. However, this is an evidence, that in olden days LINGA WORSHIP was common in all over world. Even now we practice it although Hindus call it as SHIVA LINGA, others call it by some other name.
Since phallus was considered as Lord Shiva , the Aryans who came later than Dravidians started worshipping the later god of Dravidians “VISHNU” as the ultimate PARABRAHMA since this was also a form of SUN GOD and whose colour was Blue which according to Dravidians coincided with the colour of வானம் (VAANAM) –Sky. And his counter-part of wealth, beauty etc was called the goddess Lakshmi.Due to fear of Lord Shiva they might have named him the STORM GOD called RUDRA. Lord Krishna in tamil language is called “கண்ணன்” (Kannan) is a Demon opposed to INDRA in Rig Veda who was the Dravidian God of Youth and according to Sri. P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar a Pundit in this subject , was later identified with VISHNU as an incarnation of His.
There is one more Dravidian God called முருகன், who is also a god of youth and youthful powers of bravery and war and later called as KUMARA or SKANDA, KAARTHIKEYA etc. was treated as the son of Lord SHIVA. Ganesha the elephant headed demon who is to be appeased before any function starts , to acert any supernatural hindrances even was called as Vishwaksena who is none other than Ganesha. If you go to Sri Rangam Temple you can see, Ganesha with a trishurnam , one red vertical line and two white vertical lines on the sides, on forehead and he is called as Vishwaksenar. He is also called as VIGNESHWARA because he removes, as per Hindus, all obstacles. The very fact that he is having an elephant face shows that he is of pre-aryan origin. He is also considered as the eldest son of Lord Shiva by Shaivates.
Friends, Aryans never knew the divinities as Zoomorphic or lower animals as typifying the forces of nature till they had the opportunity to mix with other races. Hence only after mixing with other races they started representing their gods like INDRA, AGNI etc. as BULLS or RAMS and HORSE respectively. In vedas we can see this the horse is known as DADHIKRAAVAN meaning who goes with high speed (HORSE) . GARUDA is made as the vehicle of Vishnu, Mouse as the vehicle of Ganesha etc. are proof.
Friends, I have given the race movements in India up-to and including the arrival of ARYANS to some extent, and to the extent of my knowledge. Last but not least I would like to thank many who have written in Web Sites and Dr. R.C MAJUMDAR, Dr. PUSALEKAR and Dr. A.K. MAJUMDAR to whom I am indebted and thankful, for the help I have taken and whose book called “THE VEDIC AGE” helped me a lot in writing this essay.
Regards and Namaskarams,
P.R.RADHAKRISHNAN